What's the difference?
It’s big, it’s fast, it’s luxurious, Volkswagen’s Touareg has always been a stand-out large SUV.
This one, the full-fat R is the latest take on the halo Volkswagen model. It has big shoes to fill.
See, top-spec Touaregs in the past are hardly rivals to the Toyota LandCruisers and Hyundai Palisades of this world. They’re a different breed, with the first-generation Touareg powered by a variety of engines up to a 5.0-litre turbo-diesel V10, and the second-gen version packing petrol and diesel V8s in its upper levels.
They were the ultimate sleeper family SUV, ridiculous engines with rich VW Group lineage in a seemingly mainstream family-friendly package.
But this third-generation version can’t quite replicate the over-engined craziness of its predecessors. It has to think outside the box as emissions regulations crack down the world over.
This Touareg R is a plug-in hybrid. A performance-focused one at that. Can it hope to replicate the unhinged nature of its forebears and find an appropriate place atop the hierarchy of Volkswagen’s R models? Let’s find out.
Kia’s newest addition is either an overpriced mistake or the logical next step for a brand looking to move up in the world.
It’s called the EV9 GT, and much like the many ‘GT’ variants that have gone before it, this one is packing plenty of performance. It’s also loaded with creature comforts, enough to push it into the same league as the luxury car establishment.
But it also takes Kia to new heights in terms of price, which were already pushing boundaries. And it comes at a time when electric vehicles are in hot demand, but at the other end of the price spectrum.
So is this the case of the right car at the wrong time, or simply the next step in Kia’s evolution?
A car as impressive as it is frustrating, the Touareg R is a vehicle for a very specific buyer. Someone whose daily commute consists of limited distances, someone who can always charge at home overnight and someone who appreciates the subtlety of the performance and luxury the Touareg brings.
For everyone else - there are better options. Performance-focused PHEVs can be tricky to charge and extract the full benefit from, and at this price you have access to some serious performance-oriented combustion SUVs or the choice of going fully electric.
While this R-badged VW might be the most mind-bending of the lot then, it also has the most 'specific' appeal.
Whether you think the EV9 GT is an over-priced mistake or the logical next step for a brand looking to move up in the world will depend on your point-of-view.
Kia has certainly extended the appeal of the EV9 range, but possibly in the wrong direction. Certainly the wrong direction if the goal is to add significantly more sales.
A cheaper alternative to the $97,000 EV9 Air would likely be a more popular choice from the point-of-view of Australian families considering replacing their diesel-powered SUVs with something that doesn’t rely on the chaotic fuel market.
But that’s not really who the EV9 GT will appeal to. Instead, from the point-of-view of someone looking at a more expensive European option, whether it be an Audi Q8 e-tron, BMW iX or something else, the EV9 GT may be appealing in a very different way - assuming that they aren't driven by what badge is on the front.
Kia has certainly evolved beyond its ‘cheap and cheerful’ image or buying primarily for its long warranty. These days Kia is a mainstream brand, but whether it has enhanced its reputation enough to attract buyers willing to spend more than $130,000 will be decided in the showroom.
The Touareg, as always, screams big Volkswagen. It’s more subtle than the Porsche Cayenne and Audi Q7 with which it shares its underpinnings, yet looks as slick as either up close.
It’s defined in its face by a massive black grille, integrated light fittings, and as usual with Volkswagen, some pretty subtle highlights and tail-lights in attractive LED patterns.
The wheels sell the vibe of an R. They’re enormous and gloss black, matching the theme and style of its smaller siblings, black highlight trims replace chrome or body colour bits to set it apart from the rest of the range.
It doesn’t look quite as modern as something like Kia’s Sorento or EV9, and it doesn’t look as elegant as the Volvo XC90 or as defined as the Land Rover Defender, all in the same price bracket.
This helps the Touareg maintain a certain mainstream appeal, and a sporty edge, without being too egregious.
Still, some might want some more overt visual flourish to indicate they’re driving a vehicle which is capable of sprinting to 100km/h from a standstill in 5.1 seconds.
Perhaps I’m in a different camp, one which appreciates the ‘sleeper’ nature of a giant family SUV capable of incredible driving feats when pushed.
Inside is always a pleasant surprise in a Touareg. While it might be the most affordable of the giant SUVs on this platform, it maintains the air of luxury and plush nature of its more expensive counterparts from Audi and Porsche.
You’re met by nicely trimmed leather seats and a chunky VW R steering wheel, massive screens and lavish amounts of padded leather surfaces everywhere. It feels every bit the luxury SUV the price indicates, in case you were worried you’d be getting something which feels more like a T-Roc than an Audi. For what it’s worth I quite like all the Volkswagen switchgear.
Surprisingly, given the price premium and flagship nature of the GT, there isn’t a lot to separate it from the slightly less expensive GT-Line.
It’s only when you look closer you notice subtle touches, like the ‘digital grille’, an illuminated section of the front of the car that extends the lighting signature when you start the car. The other obvious difference is the unique and huge set of 21-inch alloy wheels at each corner. The black design is offset by bright green brake calipers, which is a unique colour for the GT.
This signature fluro green colour is also on the seat trim, including contrasting stitching, as well as the GT badge on the (three-spoke) steering wheel that engages the most potent version of the electric motors.
It’s a big SUV with big interior dimensions. It feels spacious and wide on the inside with a large centre console area for spreading out and a highly adjustable driver’s seat.
The seats are plush and comfortable, and visibility is pretty solid out of the cabin. Again, you're greeted by excellent touchpoints, from the steering wheel to the door cards and there’s even lashings of padded leather trim down the sides of the centre console for your knee to rest on.
Volkswagen’s screens are usually some of the best in the business and that continues here. They’re bright, sharp and served up with attractive and mostly functional and easy-to-navigate software.
The hardware behind them is also enough to keep them lightning fast when reacting to inputs, with satisfyingly smooth animations, too.
The one thing I like a bit less is how a few of the menus can be confounding. It took me a while to figure out I needed to set the default battery level higher than its current charge to get the engine to stay on, and I’d also love a button to simply switch between EV and hybrid mode.
In fact, the lack of buttons is one of the major issues in this car. Sure, the enormous centre screen is an impressive feature, syncing up with the dash design nicely, but you’re also forced to negotiate with touch elements for key climate functions. No matter how fast or slick the software is, there’s no compensating for a toggle or dial you can easily reach while you’re focused on the road.
For what it’s worth, the wireless Apple CarPlay worked seamlessly with the car in my time with it (and looked good too) while the wireless charger is rubberised and in a good location so your phone will be able to at least maintain its state of charge on the go.
Storage is plentiful up front, with large pockets with integrated bottle holders in each door, a large dual cupholder set-up in the centre console with variable edges and a large armrest console box.
In the back seat I have enough room for myself behind my own driving position at 182cm tall. It’s plenty wide and tall, but I don’t feel as though I had an enormous amount of legroom considering the size of the vehicle.
Still, the width will give you space for three adults across in relative comfort. Yes, there’s a large raise in the floor in the centre position to accommodate the all-wheel drive hardware underneath, but the width of the floor should allow a centre passenger to put their feet on either side.
Big door openings and the wide cabin make for easy child seat fitting, and there's even built-in window shades alongside two rear climate zones with physical controls, large bottle holders in the doors and a drop-down armrest, with some flimsy nets on the backs of the front seats to round things out.
Boot space is allegedly enormous at a quoted 810 litres, but the shape of it is less than ideal. Sure it’s nice and wide and oblong shaped at the base, but the rake of the boot quickly eats into the amount of height available, making it tricky to fit larger objects.
The space accommodated our CarsGuide three-piece luggage set with ease, but it didn’t leave much room to spare. It doesn’t feel like it’s double the 400 litre space typical of a one size-down SUV.
There’s also a needlessly complex two-piece shelf, which lifts with the tailgate, but the boot wouldn’t completely close with the luggage set present unless you removed it. To the Touareg’s credit, the second row seats hinge forward significantly to expand space by a fair bit.
Under the floor there’s only a repair kit, as the huge PHEV battery takes up the rest of the space. A decidedly less than ideal flat tyre option.
In terms of practicality, space and usability, the EV9 GT does a lot to justify its price tag, with a cabin the equal of anything the luxury brands offer, at least in terms of the level of equipment available.
The sporty seats have adjustable side bolsters to either hug you tight for dynamic driving or open up and let you get comfortable for relaxed commutes. The front seats are heated and ventilated and also include a two-way power adjustable leg rest, for even greater support.
Those in the second row are treated to two 'captains' chairs with heating and ventilation as well, plus a massage function and the leg rest, which creates a ‘business class’ vibe for the lucky passengers.
The second-row occupants also get sun blinds (albeit manual), separate air-conditioning controls and access to USB-C charging ports in the backs of the front seats.
Accommodation in the third row is a little tight, but if the second row compromises legroom slightly you’re able to fit six occupants in relative comfort.
Those in the front get their own sunroof but there’s a second, larger sunroof to bring light into the passenger section.
In terms of the multimedia system, it’s run through the twin 12.3-inch digital screens, which are housed in a single panel to create the impression it is one large display. This is the usual Kia system, which is very easy to navigate and has both Apple CarPlay and Android Auto integration, if you prefer.
As a major plus, there are physical buttons for the climate control and a power/volume scroll wheel for the sound system. There’s also an on/off button for the car, which is a small feature but another welcome, user-friendly touch.
As for the boot, well, with all six seats in use there’s only 333 litres of space, which isn’t massive, but that’s why Kia sells the Carnival. For an SUV with seven occupants, 333L is alright.
If you only need five seats you can liberate a more generous 828L, which is really good. It’s a nice, roomy and open cargo space.
If you really need to carry a lot of stuff and not many people, you have 2393L with the second and third row seats stowed.
On top of this, there’s a small 52L frunk, which isn’t very big but it’s a good spot to stash the charging cable. Which oddly is not where Kia actually stores it, instead there is a small bag/box which is just velcroed to the boot floor.
Given the EV9 is a purpose-built electric vehicle, why is the charging cable not stored in a more integrated manner? It’s only a small detail, and Kia isn’t alone in doing this, but I still find it odd that carmakers haven’t found a better way to deal with the EV cable yet, especially when the frunk makes so much sense as a permanent storage spot.
Is the Touareg R good value? Seems like a silly question doesn’t it?
One school of thought says, of course it isn’t. Nobody needs a giant $129,990 (before on-road costs) SUV which is this fast. What the halo Touareg variant has always offered is excess with a modest exterior wrapper.
On the other hand, the Touareg R is great value when you consider you’re getting much the same hardware as a Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid ($188,600) with a Volkswagen badge.
In its size and price-bracket, the Touareg R directly rivals the Land Rover Defender 110 PHEV ($126,184), Lexus RX HEV ($127,434), Range Rover Velar PHEV ($131,536) and Volvo XC90 Ultra T8 PHEV ($128,390).
I see two problems with this. Firstly, all of those price rivals are premium brands, and secondly, at the circa-$130K price-tag there’s also the awkward reality you could be choosing one of a few very appealing fully-electric options, from the Kia EV9 GT-Line ($121,000), to the Polestar 3 ($131,054), Mercedes-Benz EQE ($134,900) and BMW iX ($136,900).
So, it’s great value from one perspective, but not so much from a few others. Then again, this is the biggest, baddest Volkswagen you can currently buy, so whether you’re in the market for an R-badged car or a PHEV of this size, you’re likely familiar with a six-figure price-tag.
Do you at least score good equipment for the money? Aside from all the complex drivetrain hardware, this VW is an impressive place to be, with extensive plush leather interior trim in the seats and doors, power adjust for the front two positions with heating and ventilation, a 12.0-inch digital dash with Volkswagen’s slick-as-ever digital cockpit software, a head-up display, a massive 15.0-inch multimedia touchscreen (with wireless Apple CarPlay and Android Auto), matching wireless phone charger and quad-zone climate control.
Outside, there’s the brand’s signature matrix LED headlights, massive gloss black 22-inch alloy wheels, enormous ventilated disc brakes and a sports exhaust with air suspension hiding below.
It’s a lot of kit for a mainstream SUV, and performance, which we’ll talk about later, is impressive (with a few caveats).
Starting at $129,250 before on-road costs, the EV9 GT is the most expensive model Kia has ever offered in Australia.
Whether by accident or design it takes Kia into uncharted territory and legitimately has the brand competing with European alternatives. For example, the Volvo EX90 (from $124,990) is cheaper, as is a Polestar 3 (from $118,420) while the Audi Q8 e-tron (from $140,090) and BMW iX (from $142,900) are within $15,000.
That means that, perhaps for the first time ever, Kia will be cross-shopped against Europe's finest. Does it live up to that expectation?
Well, to help justify the price, the EV9 GT gets a more powerful motor, electronically controlled suspension and is loaded with technology and creature comforts inside.
This includes a standard six-seat layout, a 14-speaker Meridian Premium sound system, Kia Connect Telematics, in-built satellite navigation with 10 years of live traffic information and map updates, wireless phone charging and ambient mood lighting. But there is much, much more, as we’ll detail throughout the review.
So if you’re looking for an affordable EV to help take some financial pressure off, unless you’re stepping down from something European and very expensive, this won’t likely help.
But, if you’re looking for an upgrade in that $130k-$150k price range, and are ‘badge agnostic’ for that price, then maybe the EV9 GT is right for you.
But no matter which way you look at it, this is an expensive Kia and it will be a real test for how far it has come if it can find buyers willing to spend this much on the brand once famous for cars $100,000 cheaper.
The Touareg offers a performance-focused plug-in hybrid (PHEV) drivetrain. Usually this means a little turbo four-cylinder engine and an electric motor, but instead this big SUV offers a 100kW electric motor and a 3.0-litre V6 turbo-petrol engine which combine for a whomping “total system power” of 340kW/700Nm.
This allows a 0-100km/h sprint time of just 5.1 seconds. Power is sent to all four wheels via an eight-speed automatic transmission and Torsen central differential. Up to 70 per cent of power can be sent to the front wheels, with up to 80 per cent of power going to the rear.
It is capable of driving at up to 135km/h under electric power alone, with the V6 kicking in beyond that speed.
It’s a rare set-up for two reasons. Firstly, it’s a plug in which maintains a large six-cylinder engine, and it runs even electric power through the transmission to all four wheels.
Some PHEV rivals, for example, use front combustion-drive only with no mechanical connection between the engine and the rear axle, which is driven purely electrically.
When it comes to towing specs, the Touareg offers solid official figures of 750kg for an unbraked trailer and 3500kg braked, although the maximum towball download is 220kg.
What’s under the bonnet, well technically underneath the front and back of the SUV, is what really separates the GT from the rest of the EV9 range.
The GT gets more powerful motors, boosting performance to 374kW of power and 740Nm of torque, which is a 92kW and 40Nm upgrade over the EV9 GT-Line.
Kia claims the GT can sprint 0-100km/h in just 4.5 seconds, nearly a full second faster than the GT-Line, and will keep going all the way to 220km/h. That’s really fast for such a big SUV, some might even say unnecessarily fast for a family-focused SUV, but given the asking price, adding extra performance is a logical move.
Like other plug-in hybrids, the official combined (urban/extra-urban) cycle fuel efficiency number for the Touareg R is an eyebrow-raisingly low figure which you know won’t be achievable in the real world, but is probably technically feasible in lab-style conditions.
In this case, it’s 3.3L/100km. When I picked up the car it had a low charge level, and the next day I was able to top it up to just 50 per cent because I don’t have a power point in my garage, and the achingly slow 3.6kW maximum AC charging speed is severely limiting if you need to rely on the public network, as the 17.9kWh battery is relatively large.
This should bring you to the obvious conclusion the Touareg R is not a good hybrid if you can’t charge at home, as you’ll never extract the full benefit of the electric set-up. Perhaps adding evidence to this is its official energy consumption which comes in at a painful 21.1kWh/100km.
As for hydrocarbons, in my week of driving (in which I tried to pick up charge wherever I could) I saw over 14L/100km. Makes sense for a heavy petrol V6 SUV. I’d say you’re likely to see a figure like this on a longer journey or if you drive it with enthusiasm as the R badge encourages. To add additional pain, it requires 98RON premium unleaded fuel.
With a realistic maximum pure-electric range of closer to 40km compared to the official WLTP-rated 51km (more on this in the driving section of the review), the R is also best for people whose daily commute is relatively short.
I can’t imagine, for example, the best benefit of this car will be extracted from someone who lives in the urban sprawl and commutes to the city every day with distances in excess of 50km for a return journey.
Additionally, the hybrid mode is very EV-heavy, draining the battery relatively quickly unless you manually put it in preservation mode.
For nerds who could be bothered, this mode is potentially a nifty feature allowing retention of some EV range at the end of a long freeway journey. But it takes a certain buyer to even be bothered with this.
Can you see why plug-less hybrids are the Australian new car buyer’s electrification configuration of choice?
The GT gets the same 99.8kWh battery as the GT-Line, but Kia claims the new flagship has a slightly longer driving range, but only 510km compared to 505km.
In the real world, the car’s own trip computer read around 480km when we collected it, but suggested with maximum efficiency (air-con off, driven in Eco mode, etc) we could reach more than 500km.
Energy consumption is rated 21.7kWh, but the EV9 GT was showing 24.2kWh on the trip computer.
According to Kia, it can take up to 350kW of DC fast charging, which means a theoretical charging time from 10-80 per cent of just 24 minutes. Using a 50kW charger will extend that time to 83 minutes.
Again, in the real-world, using an Evie public charger we were able to add 42.1kWh in just under 34 minutes on a 75kW charger, taking the battery from 40 to 77 per cent.
Here’s where things get a bit frustrating, and your experience will vary dramatically depending on how you use this car.
One thing we can get out of the way immediately is the Touareg is deeply technically impressive when you attack a few corners. Its immediate electric thrust is capable of propelling this large object forward with eye-widening speed, and the air suspension, wide grippy tyres, Torsen centre differential and tidy steering tune conspire to make it mind-bending to carve corners in.
It’s flat, stable, and far more accurate and agile than expected. The only hint as to the sheer physics of wrangling the Touareg around bends is the tyres screaming out in agony as the suspension and all-wheel drive system work their magic to keep it all under control.
Once the electric torque pushes you out from the corner, the deep satisfying thrum of the 3.0-litre petrol V6 quickly takes over as you lurch forward on the almost fluid-feeling suspension. It’s laugh-out-loud satisfying and certainly enough to capture passengers' attention.
In this sense, the R fulfils its mission of transforming the big Touareg into a handling and acceleration hero, but despite all the cleverness it doesn’t feel as sharp or lean as the Golf R, T-Roc R or Tiguan R.
There’s still a massive battery, as well as huge complexity and weight to deal with, no matter how technically fast it is. There’s always the unsettling feeling of this amount of weight moving around, and the occasional slight delay from the transmission as it figures out what’s going on between the electric motor and big engine.
Then there are the compromises. Normally, I’m a huge fan of how plush and luxurious the Touareg feels. It’s usually such a step above its station in the VW Group, occasionally even feeling preferable to its platform relations, but the R has some issues.
For a start, the enormous 22-inch wheels and low-profile tyres ruin the day-to-day ride quality, crashing over bumps and road imperfections, despite the fact there’s also air suspension supposedly providing a buffer between you and the tarmac.
Even in the more comfort-oriented drive settings you can hear and feel every bit the moment the wheels contact a pothole or bump. Clearly, it’s tuned more toward handling than maintaining the same luxury feel as the rest of the range.
The transmission is also occasionally hesitant, either from a standing start or when switching between electric thrust and the engine. This is much better when the battery is charged up from the reserve level, as there isn’t enough charge when driving around as a hybrid to push a big, heavy (and always) all-wheel drive very far.
But hybrid driving is also frustrating, for reasons mainly related to the software. With the battery charged, the 51km of claimed driving range feels a tad ambitious. I was able to charge it to about 50 per cent (the battery is huge, at 17.9kWh, and I could only pull about 3.5kW from a local AC charging unit) and scored about 20km of driving range.
It drains quickly, even in the hybrid driving mode, as it relies on the electric motor a lot for initial take-off.
This means unless you set the battery preserve mode manually in the hybrid settings screen, it will likely run the battery dry before you’re even able to get it somewhere where it can take full advantage of the extra electric thrust.
As an electric vehicle it’s also only alright. The short time I was able to spend in full EV mode proved the battery will drain faster than advertised, and the regen is so-so for assisting in braking.
Other more performance-focused PHEVs suffer the same issue. For example, I felt largely the same way about the much-maligned four-cylinder PHEV Mercedes-AMG C63.
While hybrids like this may be impressive when conditions are ideal, they’re ultimately frustrating to use in reality. It’s a shame, because I wanted to like it more but it doesn’t quite capture the same magic of its R-badged forebears and siblings.
On paper the EV9 GT sounds great if you’re into performance - 374kW and 740Nm is a lot for any type of car, even a big SUV. There’s no questioning that the EV9 GT is very, very fast, with that near-instant surge forward when you squeeze the accelerator in ‘GT’ mode.
But it is probably worth questioning the value of such a powerful and fast electric SUV, given the EV9 is clearly focused on being family friendly rather than a track weapon. To be perfectly candid, I rarely used the ‘GT’ mode because it just doesn’t suit the vast majority of driving conditions you’ll find yourself in driving an electric SUV.
I mean, you’ll never have an excuse for dropping the kids off at school late, but you’ll also likely rarely find yourself in a situation where you need to launch 0-100km/h in 4.5 seconds too. Obviously the performance is nice to have and helps to justify the asking price, but in day-to-day driving it doesn’t really make a significant difference to the EV9 experience.
Because, when you don’t unleash all that performance, you find yourself in a very quiet and refined SUV. The cabin is well insulated from the outside world, so you do get a sense of luxury, which is a major positive.
The electronically controlled suspension does a nice job of providing a comfortable and relaxed ride even on the big 21-inch alloys. It also does a good job, most of the time, of hiding the weight of such a big, electric SUV, so the chassis and suspension development team have done a great job.
The digital mirrors were also helpful during this test. The first time I tested an EV9 with them I found them a bit odd to use, as the angle you’re looking at on the screen isn’t the actual perspective of the situation. But this time around I quickly adapted to them and can see the merits of such technology.
All of the safety kit is standard and present on the Touareg R, including autobahn-speed auto emergency braking, lane keep assist with lane departure warning, front and rear cross-traffic alert, blind spot monitoring, road sign recognition, driver fatigue detection, a surround view camera and adaptive cruise control.
The best part is these systems not only work, but they’re well calibrated so they generally don’t interfere with the core driving experience.
Additionally, the Touareg has a suite of eight airbags and maintains a maximum five-star ANCAP safety rating achieved in 2018.
The EV9 GT has everything Kia can include from a safety perspective. That includes airbag coverage for all three rows (including a centre airbag between the front passengers), ISOFIX and top tethers for all four rear seats and Matrix LED intelligent front lights.
There’s also all the usual active safety systems, including autonomous emergency braking, lane keeping assist, safe exit warning, intelligent speed limit assist, driver attention warning, blind spot monitoring and 'Highway Drive Assist 2 with Lane Change Assist'.
That latter system, the ‘Drive Assist’ is good in theory, but Kia, like parent company Hyundai, still has some work to do on better calibrating and integrating some of these active safety elements. Yes, it’s great they have added the ability to mute the annoying speed limit sign recognition chime, but the Highway Drive Assist is still too jerky and adds a lot of unnatural weighting to the steering that makes freeway driving require more attention at times, rather than relieving the pressure on the driver.
This isn’t something specific to the EV9 either, it’s pretty typical across both the Kia and Hyundai range. While these systems are difficult to get right, it can be done, so a bit more work is needed to make it feel more seamless.
But overall, the EV9 GT comes loaded with all the safety equipment, both passive and active, that you should demand from a family-focused SUV, so credit to Kia for that.
The standard five year, unlimited kilometre warranty features with one year of complimentary roadside assistance provided (renewed for another year with each service at an authorised dealer).
Servicing is required once every 12 months or 15,000km and the most affordable way to do it is with pre-packaged service plans bundled in with purchase. These come in at $3400 for five years (a saving of $668 over the a-la-carte program) or $2050 for the three year plan (a saving of $222).
Even in its most affordable form this makes servicing average $680 a year which is a far cry from most affordable brands, but it could be worse considering the complexity of the powertrain.
The EV9 is covered by the usual seven-year, unlimited kilometre warranty, albeit with the battery only covered for seven years/150,000km.
Service internals are 12 months or 15,000km, whichever comes first, and Kia offers pre-paid servicing plans from three to seven years. The three year plan will set you back $723, five years $1379 and seven years $2038.
That means the average cost actually increases the longer you’re covered, but even over seven years your yearly average is only $291 in maintenance.
One major positive for the brand’s owners is Kia has grown to 147 dealers nationally, with coverage across both metro and urban areas, with all service centres able to work on EVs. That means you’ll get the same ease-of-service whether you buy a petrol, diesel or electric Kia.