Lexus NX300H vs Nissan Z

What's the difference?

The all-new NX is a massive step forward over its popular predecessor.

In every way, it is an improvement, with better refinement, comfort, performance, efficiency, safety and choice.

Indeed, look out, Audi, BMW, Mercedes and Volvo: the NX has finally come of age. If we were in the market for a luxury medium-sized SUV, we'd definitely have the Lexus on our shortlist, especially the incredibly efficient hybrids.

Europe, you've been warned.

The Nismo turns up the wick just enough to justify its $20K premium over the brilliant regular Z.

Visual changes inside and out are one thing, but with tangible boosts in performance, handling and braking – with no detriment to ride quality or comfort – as a result of properly engineered upgrades, the RZ34 version deserves its place in Nissan’s sports car hall of fame.

Note, though, that good as it is, the Nismo is also a potent reminder of how solid a foundation the standard Z also is… especially in manual gearbox guise.

UX, NX, RX, LX, RZ... Lexus' nonsensical naming strategy can be quite flummoxing.

Just remember that the NX sits above the smaller UX but below the larger RX in the brand's burgeoning SUV stable. It's also closely related to the wildly-popular Toyota RAV4 – though you'd never know by looking at them side-by-side.

At first it may look much like the old model, but the new NX has switched to the latest RAV4's advanced Toyota New Global Architecture, known as GA-K in Lexus' lexicon.

Basically, it allows for a vehicle that's between 20 and 30 mm larger than before, to help improve overall proportions. And with this considerably bigger canvas to work on, it also means that Lexus's stylists have had more freedom to evolve the brand's design language. Albeit at a glacial pace from an exterior point of view.

Starting from the front, the controversial 'spindle' grille has been toned down a bit and the headlights have a neat Lexus 'lightning rod' tick motif, while – looking at the side profile – a startlingly cab-backward shape gives it a surprisingly sleek silhouette.

The extra length and stretched wheelbase let the design to breathe more than before, bringing with it a more graceful and elegant aesthetic.

Finally – and this is a brand first – the new NX's rather nondescript rear has 'LEXUS' spelled out in letters, with no sign of the company logo.

Reinterpreting a classic via retro styling isn’t always successful – hello, 2001 Ford Thunderbird ­– but what Nissan has achieved with the RZ34, given it’s a pastiche of several Z greatest hits from the ‘70s, ‘80s, ‘90s and today, is truly masterful design.

Take the cab-backward silhouette, long nose and short wheelbase; it somehow manages to deftly capture the spirit of previous Z generations, without looking like a bad caricature.

Points especially go to the stunning nose and tail treatments that evoke both the ‘70s 240/260/280 as well as the sadly long-forgotten Mid-4 II concept car of 1987.

Slightly longer than the regular model, the Nismo’s nose is meant to evoke the early ‘70s Japan domestic market Fairlady ZG, with the G denoting “Grand Nose”. Fun fact: Fairlady first appeared on the 1960 Datsun roadster as deference to the Broadway musical (and later Audrey Hepburn film, presumably) ‘My Fair Lady’.

Anyway, besides scraping speed humps and driveways, the Nismo’s elongated front bumper promotes improved engine cooling and better aero flow, as do the side sills, larger wraparound three-piece spoiler and redesigned rear bumper/diffuser. The wider-yet-lighter back wheels are 10mm wider. And a glossy red stripe runs along the underside like Anna Nicole Smith’s lipstick.

Does it all look better than the simpler, purer regular Z? No. But they perform better. And isn’t that the point of a Nismo?

For the really big design step-change, you'll need to step inside...

Hallelujah! Lexus has finally forsaken its weird, futuristic dash design elements for a simpler and far-more intuitive look that finally banishes unnecessary complication while still appearing progressive.

Somehow, there are now 33 fewer switches than before, aided by permanent virtual short-cut buttons on both of the touchscreens on offer.

Lexus has clearly been listening!

So, now, what we have here is an attractive, functional and superbly built interior (save for a couple of very-atypical Lexus rattles in these early production cars we drove), boasting quality materials that rate highly on all the important sensory metrics: lush to the touch, easy on the eyes and lovely to breathe in... and breathe out again!

Other plus points include a gorgeous steering wheel, attractive instrument dials, endless storage and climate control that's so effective it pretty much creates a microclimate within your personal space.

Brilliant seats, with ample adjustability, provide comfort and support even after hours ensconced within them, while the driving position is enhanced by thoughtful placement of most major controls - including the natty little gear lever and big old paddle shifters.

It's also worth pointing out a couple of surprise-and-delight features – starting with the 'e-latch' electric door handles, with sensors that delay opening if there are cyclists or pedestrians on approach to prevent striking them, as well as a manual override should the battery go flat.

There's more, like the wireless phone charger tray that also slides to reveal a hidden cubby area; centre-console lid that opens sideways FROM BOTH DIRECTIONS – what sort of sorcery is this?? – and optional digital rear-view mirror that works like X-ray vision in seeing through obstructions... handy for when back-seat passengers' beehives block the back view out.

However, after lavishing such intricate attention to detail, why does the instrument cluster's digital trip computer use the same cheap style and font as found in a lowly Yaris? It takes you completely out of the Lexus state-of-mind.

And, like me, you might lose your mind with the infuriatingly fiddly capacitive touch controls on models with the HUD. While it does provide a broad range of functionality that's displayed on the windscreen view, it's difficult to modulate accurately, and doesn't operate intuitively. Remnants of the fiddly old touchpad from the previous NX. Why can't Lexus just abandon such needless complexity? After a while I worked it out – but it's deeply distracting to use.

Oh well. At least the rear seat area is an improvement over the old NX, with more space, comfort and convenience features. Entry/egress is easy, with wide apertures that ought to make fitting in child seats less of a chore than before.

Most adults should find sufficient leg, knee, shoulder and head room back there, though a trio of adults might result in a very tight fit.

Rear facing air vents (with climate control functionality on higher grades), 12V power outlets, twin USB ports and a wide centre armrest with cupholders are included.

Further back, there's a handy (though not class-leading) 520 litres of luggage space regardless of powertrain, expanding to 1411L when the rear backrests are folded. Access is easy thanks to the wide door and flat floor, where a bit of extra storage and even space for the cargo blind are provided. Thanks, Lexus.

Note, though, that runflat tyres take the place of any spare wheel – a bummer if you're out on deserted country road late at night with no help in sight.

So, just as the exterior is an anthology of past Z car stylings, the same also applies inside.

A mishmash of new and old as well, they also marry together harmoniously – after you’ve bent and contorted yourself inside nice and snug, on the racy yet not-too-unforgiving set of Recaro bucket seats.

The Z’s signature sloping roof and rising window line; a trio of dials that have been a hallmark of the series since the 240Z, a thin three-spoke steering wheel; a physical hand brake and a pair of old-school seat base angle adjuster knobs just like in sports cars from 20 years ago betray the Nissan’s ageing DNA.

But they set the mood, like hearing a favourite old track, though one remixed by a contemporary DJ to a modern beat.

Which means that you’ll be able to view whichever artist you like through the 8.0-inch touchscreen, either via Bluetooth audio streaming, Spotify or some such app.

Easy to decipher and simple to navigate (though no imbedded GPS is fitted), the Z’s dashboard also offers the essential surround-view parking camera (given how limited vision is as you’re sat so low with not much glass to peer out through), amongst a host of vehicle functions. You’re also privy to extremely useful blind-spot alert thoughtfully placed inside the car by the mirror mounts, four cupholders if you count the door-sited ones and surprisingly generous storage. Practicality, thy name is Fairlady.

For lightness and sensible packaging, we understand why Nissan’s sports coupe is strictly a two-seater proposition – and certainly a roomy enough one for the lucky pair at that.

However, it’s a shame Nissan doesn’t offer a 2+2-seater option in the form of a pair of occasional jump seats behind, as per the old Datsun days, as there seems to be just enough space for smaller folk – though as a pair of shelves, that area did prove very useful during our week with the Nismo.

Issues? Along with a sheer lack of grace entering and exiting the Z, poor overall vision and 350Z-era switchgear that are now old enough to drive themselves, finding the right driving position eluded this particular 178cm tester. The seats do a great job keeping you firmly fixed in place, and of course the wheel tilts and telescopes, but those pair of knobs were forever being twirled and fiddled with.

Oh, and simultaneously unlocking and opening the doors was also confounding, due to exterior door handles and pressure sensor not designed for Homo Sapien hands.

Further back, and as in the two previous generations Zeds, a brace bisects the luggage area. Rated at 241 litres VDA, it is wide and flat but a wee bit shallow. At least it adds another level of practicality and is big enough for those weekends away.

There’s no cover (though seeing what’s inside isn’t easy) and no spare wheel of any size is fitted.

Meanwhile, on the other side of the Nismo…

Nismo is short for Nissan Motorsport. It’s like what AMG means to Mercedes or HSV was to Holden. Which means, of course, that Australians love this sort of thing.

Last year, as limited editions, the first 100 Z Nismos sold out in under an hour, according to Nissan. Now it’s back more permanently, still from $94,000 before on-road costs, but without quite the exclusivity.

But, don’t worry. You still get the Nismo body kit and leather/Alcantara-clad cabin treatments, stronger performance and track-focused chassis upgrades, which include extra bracing, sharper steering, beefier suspension, bigger brakes and GT-R-spec wider wheels, compared to the regular Z. More on the engineering changes later on.

There are also Recaro sports seats, Nismo-branded digital instrumentation and steering wheel, additional drive modes and red trim highlights.

These come above the regular Z items like keyless entry/start, an 8.0-inch touchscreen, surround-view reverse camera, (wired-only) Apple CarPlay/Android Auto, Bluetooth connectivity, an eight-speaker Bose premium audio, active noise cancellation tech, dual-zone climate control, artificially amplified exhaust note and wider-yet-lighter 19-inch alloy wheels.

Note, however, that going Recaros means ditching the regular Z’s seat heating and electric adjustment including lumbar support. And there’s no spare wheel in either grade… just a tyre-repair kit. Boo.

For your $100K-driveaway, from an equipment perspective anyway, the Nismo does stretch the value argument almost to breaking point, so it’s a good thing that the Z still looks so good. And there’s lots of beautiful engineering underneath that pretty skin too.

Here is where the NX shines, with clear options that provide very obvious benefits according to wants, needs and budgets. And there are even fundamental differences compared to the RAV4 powertrain, further justifying that premium 'L' badge experience.

Let's divide these into petrol and petrol-electric hybrid models, with petrols first.

The NX 250 is powered by a 2487cc 2.5-litre naturally aspirated direct-injection twin-cam four-cylinder engine, producing a healthy 152kW of power at a heady 6600rpm, and 243Nm of torque from 4000rpm to 5000rpm.

Drive is sent to the front wheels only, via an eight-speed torque-converter automatic. Tipping the scales at 1705kg, it's the lightest NX on offer, and thus delivers 89.1kW per tonne.

The NX 350 turbo version, meanwhile, uses a somewhat different four-cylinder engine as well as a variation of the eight-speed auto. A 2393cc 2.4-litre turbo unit, it pumps out 205kW at 6000rpm and 430Nm from a low 1700-3600rpm. It's also AWD only, which adds kilos. That said, coming in at 1860kg, its power-to-weight ratio is a stirring 110.2kW/tonne.

Moving to the series/parallel hybrids, both the expected-bestselling NX 350h and the intriguing new NX 450h+ PHEV are based on that 2487cc 2.5-litre four-cylinder atmo unit, tuned this time to offer 140kW and 136kW (at 6000rpm) and 239Nm/227Nm (from 4300-4500rpm and 3200-3700rpm) in the NX 350h and NX 450h+ respectively.

The NX 350h uses either a single synchronous permanent magnet 134kW/270Nm electric motor in the front-drive version, or two electric motors (adding a 40kW/121Nm generator on the rear, double wishbone axle) to create the AWD alternative. Their combined total power rating is 179kW. The NX 450h+ ups that to 227kW.

None are light, however. While the NX 350h 2WD weighs a reasonable 1810kg, the twin-motor AWD system bumps that up to 1870kg, while the NX 450h+ is a portly 2050kg. Result? The power-to-weight ratio for all three are 98.9kW/tonne, 95.7kW/tonne and 110.7kW/tonne – almost identical to that of the NX 350 turbo.

The hybrids' gearbox in question is an 'e-CVT' electronic continuously variable transmission, working with a lithium-ion high-voltage battery, while the NX 450h+'s EV drive's battery is an 18.1kWh unit.

So, no prizes for guessing which one is the most frugal...

Nissan sure knows how to make a great six-cylinder engine.

The Nismo’s internal combustion engine in question is the VR30DDTT – a twin-turbo V6 making four per cent more power and around 10 per cent more torque compared to the one found in the regular Z.

Power jumps 11kW and torque a handier 45Nm to 309kW @ 6400rpm and 520Nm between 2000rpm and 5200rpm respectively, providing extra punch as well as a slightly superior power-to-weight ratio of around 184kW per tonne.

That’s up 2kW/tonne, despite the Nismo gaining around 50 kilos, to 1680kg.

This has been possible thanks to extra turbo boost, revised ignition timing, improved cooling systems and updated engine management software.

Driving the rear wheels is a Mercedes-Benz based nine-speed torque-converter auto. Upgraded and retuned for track use, it includes a Sport+ mode providing speedier shift responses. Aided by the new launch control function, we managed a tidy 4.5 seconds from standstill to 100km/h.

Sadly, though, there’s no manual option as per the regular Z.

What else is unique here? Underneath, the platform might date all the way back to the 350Z of 2003, but Nismo has really worked some of its magic.

Along with the retuned dampers, everything else has been stiffened up – including the anti-roll bars, springs, bushes and even the steering rack mounts – to help deliver more controlled and linear steering. There’s extra underfloor bracing at the front, centre and rear of the car, thicker brake rotors and model-specific Dunlop SP Sport Maxx GT600 tyres that are wider at the back, on gloss-black RAYS alloys.

Continuing to use a double-wishbone front and multi-link rear suspension set-up, the Z’s front/rear weight distribution is 56/44 front/rear.

Now, the Nismo was our favourite version of the previous 370Z by some margin. How does it all square up in RZ34 guise?

All NXs require 95 RON premium unleaded petrol, and are emissions rated at Euro6b.

Not surprisingly, on the official combined run, thirstiest of the lot is the NX 350 turbo at 8.1L/100km (for a carbon dioxide emissions rating of 185 grams per kilometre), followed by the NX 250 at 6.9L/100km (158g/km).

The NX 350h cut that down to 5.0L/100km (113g/km for the FWD and 114g/km for AWD), while the NX 450h+, naturally, is the most economical by far, slashing that down to just 1.3L/100km, or 29g/km.

While we can't tell you what the NX 450h+ managed on test, the others didn't quite match their official numbers. Over several hundred kilometres, the NX 350 ranged from 9.3-11.3L/100km, the NX 250 7.5-9.3L/100km and the NX 350h from 5.7-6.8L/100km.

Note that the NX 450h+'s 18.1kW battery can only be charged using an AC outlet, meaning it'll need about 2.5hr to get the job done. Its EV-only range is about 70km on the WLTP score, or 87km using the less-realistic NEDC method.

At 55 litres, the fuel tank will allow the following combined average range between refills: 679km (NX 350 turbo), 797km (NX 250), 1100km (NX 350h) and a barely believable 4231km (NX 450h+, naturally).

Not surprisingly, the Z Nismo needs to drink from the 98 RON premium unleaded petrol fountain.

Nissan reckons owners should expect to average 10.4L/100km (for 242 grams per kilometre of carbon dioxide emissions) on the combined cycle (and 15.0 and 7.7 L/100km for the urban and extra-urban ratings respectively.

This figure is almost half a litre worse than the non-Nismo Z’s 9.8L/100km result, but still substantially better than the six-speed manual base grade’s 10.8L, despite the latter being some 33kg lighter.

With a sizeable 62L tank, you might be able to average just under 600km between refills.

For the record, we achieved 11.9 litres per 100km in a mix of urban, freeway and performance driving which is not too bad at all given how often we fanged this thing.

The previous NX looked better than it drove.

Based on the previous-gen RAV4, it failed to rise above such humble underpinnings, despite all the extra design, comfort and equipment features Lexus created to help it do just that.

Sure, there were some very appealing things going on, including attractive styling, an intriguing interior, sumptuous seats and lots of kit to play with, but the Toyota's noisy, fidgety and tiring DNA soon became apparent, especially compared to rival luxury midsizers. And some of the dashboard multimedia controls were just down-right madness.

Building on the latest RAV4's set of modern, competent components, however, has fundamentally changed the NX.

For starters, it's much quieter inside. Whether at idle, travelling at speed, or traversing some pretty rough patches of road, the NX at last rides like something you'd expect a Lexus should. And given how noisy and droney most of its European rivals also are on Aussie bitumen, it gives the Japanese contender a handy head-start.

The same applies to how enveloping the soft yet supportive seats are, how settled the suspension feels and how calm the experience is. No previous Lexus SUV has seemed so... refined. Even the really big, expensive ones.

From the driver's point of view, the steering is beautifully balanced, for precise yet reassuring control at speed. This varies according to which grade you're driving, but as a whole, while not sporty like a BMW's nor as fluid as, say, a Mazda CX-5's helm, the Lexus walks that line between easy and involving quite well.

Ditto the handling and roadholding. The lightest of the bunch – the petrol-powered NX 250 and NX 350 turbo – feel ripe and ready for a hustle along a curvy ribbon of road, coming across as taut enough for tight turns yet supple enough to soak up the many bumps and thumps thrown up at them.

Switching to the NX 350h hybrid, there's a greater sense of mass, whether driving the front-drive 2WD or even heavier AWD version. As such, it's still quite dynamic, but not as athletic as the petrol-only models.

In terms of performance, there are no duds – and that's no surprise, as the previous NX's powertrains were pretty sound as well.

Though simply a front-drive version of the RAV4 Edge's 2.5-litre unit, the NX 250 seems more muted than the Toyota's application, and yet is willing to rev hard to hit the power band necessary for it to feel alive. At higher speeds, sometimes the raspy engine can sound a tad noisy when extended, but it's never harsh or rough.

Moving on to the NX 350h, it feels like, well, a heavier and quieter RAV4, not unexpectedly. Silent at take-off speeds, the engine chimes in fairly unobtrusively, providing plenty of oomph along the way, while the CVT seamlessly slices through each (artificial) ratios. After the petrol versions, the steering does seem a little more remote, and you can feel the extra heft through turns, but – again – the basics underneath seem right.

Accelerating hard on the open road does reveal that typical Toyota hybrid engine roar and CVT flair, but only when the throttle is prodded hard. Driven normally, the NX 350h is as smooth, swift and sweet as you'd expect. And definitely in keeping with brand performance expectations.

Finally, there's the NX 450h+ F Sport. At over two tonnes, Toyota and Lexus' plug-in hybrid debutante is not a flyweight by any means, yet having all that extra low-down mass does result in a slightly different driving experience.

Take acceleration: having access to 227kW of power and torque together at very low revs equals lots of thrust right from the get-go. And while it's not sports-SUV rapid, there's certainly enough punch to justify the F Sport badge. Similarly, the low centre of gravity that the 18.1kWh battery pack provides seems to promote hunkered-down road-holding attitude through tight turns, with minimal body roll.

Regardless of which NX you're looking at, quibbles are few. Occasional road and tyre roar are still a little evident over some surfaces; the adaptive cruise control and lane-keep technologies could benefit from some local fine-tuning so they behave a little more nuanced in Australian conditions (and that applies to most luxury SUVs nowadays); and the optional head-up display's capacitive controls located on the steering wheel spokes are distracting, difficult to modulate and needlessly complicated. They're so annoying we'd even untick the Sport Luxury option box to avoid it.

If we had to choose a favourite among the new NXs, it would probably be the NX 350h F Sport, since its adaptive sports chassis provides the best compromise between agility and suppleness; the NX 350 turbo is probably the most fun to drive hard and fast, while the base NX 250 is thoroughly competent and sufficiently luxurious to scare most rivals.

Could this really be a medium-sized Lexus SUV we're talking about?

We're not saying that the latest NX is perfect, but it now provides a very compelling argument not to buy European.

Nissan does plenty of things really well, and the Nismo is no exception.

Firing up the VR30DDTT 3.0-litre twin-turbo V6 is also a reminder of how brilliant the brand’s six-cylinder engines are. They tingle all the right sensory areas, starting with the baritone rumble at idle.

What a portent of what’s to come!

Nismo’s massaging of the engine, combined with upgraded clutch packs and a retune of the nine-speed auto’s software, results in stronger, hungrier and angrier acceleration, no matter which of the three driving modes you’ve selected. Even in Normal, the Nissan leaps off the line. In Sport, its appetite for speed is palpable. In Sport+, this thing is eating up the tarmac. Somehow, in an EV era where 4.5s to 100 is ho-hum, the (electronically enhanced but who cares) guttural exhaust bellow seems to amplify the action and thrills.

And spills. For five of our seven days together, the heavens poured. Now, in Normal mode, the Nismo was as benign and controlled as you’d hope in wet conditions, the driver-assist tech metering out just enough torque and braking to seamlessly keep the car humming along. Ever-present but always nuanced, they’ll help make your commute a safer and more relaxing one.

Selecting Sport loosened things up markedly, with the driver needing to be ready to counteract with steering, seating and throttle, though still with a safety net to keep the car from going totally out of whack; Sport+, meanwhile, is not for amateurs or the distracted. This is serious, tail-wagging waywardness that should only be fully explored with experience and care.

Later in the week, Launch Mode in Sport+ on cold but dry bitumen also requires super concentration, as we discovered attempting to extract the fastest acceleration time. Sideways in a straight line at 100km/h-plus is not for the faint hearted.

Beyond all-out performance and drama, the Nismo soars with weighty yet linear and precise steering, resulting in satisfying, hunkered-down handling that is the hallmark of a great sports car. Really tight turns can be taken at impressive speeds, but there’s about 1.7 tonne of muscle to manipulate, so the real fun can be found blasting along a snaking set of more open corners, where the Z’s inherent thrust, poise and grip come into play, all to the symphony of that bi-turbo V6.

That the suspension can feel both firm and supple at the same time is another arrow in the Nismo’s bow.

Nissan isn’t pretending this is anything but a rousing and rapid grand tourer with track aspirations, so the fact there’s also comfort and sophistication to be enjoyed just shows the sheer bandwidth of this particular Z.

Downsides? There’s always a wall of sound, be it mechanical or noise intrusion from the rubber and/or bitumen. The Nismo is rarely quiet. The extended front spoiler seems to summon up speed humps and bumps you never knew existed. The adaptive cruise control’s inability to resume in heavy stop/start traffic betrays this car’s 350Z-era tech. And the lack of a manual transmission, we reckon, is a missed opportunity for an even greater degree of interactive sports car driving.

Still, the Nismo delivers exactly what the brand promises, and continues to improve a firm favourite for speed and drama.

But the gap between Nismo and regular model is smaller than the one that existed in the preceding 370Z, which means that – if $100K driveaway is too steep – you’re already driving something elevated in the standard Z. Particularly if you yearn for a manual.

It’s all good.

There is no Euro NCAP or ANCAP crash-test rating for the Nissan Z Nismo

Standard safety features include AEB with pedestrian detection (though no operating parameters could be found about this system), 'Predictive Forward Collision Warning', lane departure warning, blind spot warning, rear cross-traffic alert, high beam assist, tyre pressure monitoring sensor, traffic sign recognition and adaptive cruise control with full-stop (but no resume) functionality.

What’s missing? There is no active lane-keep assist tech to nudge you into line, and you won't find parking sensors nor a front-centre airbag.

But the Z does have dual frontal, side chest and head-protecting airbags, a surround-view camera, anti-lock brakes with electronic brake-force distribution and brake assist, stability control, traction control, hill-start assist, front and rear parking sensors, LED headlights with light sensitivity and rain-detecting wipers.

There is also a child seat tether point on the passenger seat, but the Nismo ditches the other Z’s ISOFIX alternative.

Lexus now offers a five-year, unlimited kilometre warranty with roadside assistance.

Furthermore, NX 350h hybrid and NX 450h+ plug-in hybrid models also feature a 10-year, unlimited kilometre battery warranty.

Service intervals are at 12 months or 15,000km, whichever comes first.

The NX also includes three years and 45,000km of capped-price servicing, with each one costing owners just $495 – and that's highly competitive pricing for a luxury brand.

Plus, there's also Lexus' 'Encore' aftersales subscription program offering myriad offers and services.

Your wallet’s pretty secure as well.

Like all Zs, the Nismo is subject to a warranty period of five years with unlimited kilometres, while service intervals are fixed at every 12 months or 10,000km – whichever occurs first. There is also five years of roadside assistance.

Nissan also provides pre-paid maintenance plans that can save up to $245 over three years, as well as capped-price servicing. At the time of publishing, the capped-price service appointments cost between $347 and $950 depending on the year of ownership.